# Create users and groups
addgroup clippy && adduser --ingroup clippy win
addgroup tux && adduser --ingroup tux lin
addgroup apple && adduser --ingroup apple mac

# View groups:
getent group clippy #ID:
getent group tux #ID:
getent group apple #ID:

# Create folders
mkdir -p /var/research/windows /var/research/linux /var/research/mac

# Change permissions: writable only for group
chmod 070 /var/research/windows /var/research/linux /var/research/mac

# Change groups
chgrp clippy /var/research/windows
chgrp tux /var/research/linux
chgrp apple /var/research/mac

# Managing disks
# What we have in system
lsblk
# Also check file systems
lsblk -f

# Choose disks
cfdisk /dev/sdb -> /var/research/windows
cfdisk /dev/sdc -> /var/research/linux
cfdisk /dev/sdd -> /var/research/mac
cfdisk /dev/sde -> swap

# whenever needed, please use partition table sync with kernel:
partprobe /dev/sdb
# for more reading: http://www.computerhope.com/unix/partprob.htm

# Make file systems:
mkfs.ntfs -Q /dev/sdb1 #-Q quick format
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1
mkfs.hfsplus /dev/sdd1

# Make swap area:
mkswap /dev/sde1

# Older machines do not support dos (mbr) type of partition table

# To get UUID into /etc/fstab file, please make a backup in first place:
cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab-copy
blkid | grep <partition> >> /etc/fstab

# Add UUID's to /etc/fstab:
blkid | grep ntfs >> /etc/fstab
blkid | grep hfsplus >> /etc/fstab
blkid | grep swap | grep sde >> /etc/fstab

# Write appropriate entrys into /etc/fstab to mount them at system startup (also fix previously added lines with blkid):
nano /etc/fstab
......
UUID=<hash> /var/research/windows ntfs-3g gid=1003,umask=0707 0 0
UUID=<hash> /var/research/linux ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=<hash> /var/research/mac hfsplus gid=1005,umask=0707 0 0
UUID=<hash> none swap sw 0 0

# For checking /etc/fstab syntax and mount created filesystems (please do this BEFORE reboot the system):
mount -a  #will mount all in /etc/fstab described file systems that are not yet mounted
swapon -a #will mount all in /etc/fstab described swap entrys that are not yet mounted

# Change groups also AFTER mounting file systems
chgrp clippy /var/research/windows
chgrp tux /var/research/linux
chgrp apple /var/research/mac

# Also change folder permissions AFTER mounting file systems:
chmod 070 /var/research/windows /var/research/linux /var/research/mac

# Unmounting file systems:
umount <mount point> (or partition, e.g. /dev/sdb1)
....
# You can unmount also multiple mount points at once
umount /var/research/windows /var/research/linux /var/research/mac

# What is mounted:
mount | column -t #will show all mounted file systems
mount -t ext4 #shows only mounted ext4 file systems
mount -t fuseblk #shows only mounted  ntfs file systems
mount -t hfsplus #shows only mounted hfsplus file systems
df -h #shows free disk space and also mount points

# More about /etc/fstab
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Fstab

# macOS HFS+
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/hfsplus
https://askubuntu.com/questions/332315/how-to-read-and-write-hfs-journaled-external-hdd-in-ubuntu-without-access-to-os
https://askubuntu.com/questions/714545/cannot-mount-hfs-partition-on-read-write

sudo apt update && sudo apt-get install hfsprogs && sudo apt clean

# NTFS-3G
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MountingWindowsPartitions
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/NTFS-3G
UUID=519CB82E5888AD0F  /media/Data  ntfs-3g defaults,windows_names,locale=et_EE.utf8  0 0

# ext4
man mount
/ext4 #search
Mount options for ext4 #title in man page