# Class Encoder

java.lang.Object
java.beans.Encoder

Direct Known Subclasses:
  `XMLEncoder`

public class Encoder extends Object
An `Encoder` is a class which can be used to create files or streams that encode the state of a collection of JavaBeans in terms of their public APIs. The `Encoder`, in conjunction with its persistence delegates, is responsible for breaking the object graph down into a series of `Statement`s and `Expression`s which can be used to create it. A subclass typically provides a syntax for these expressions using some human readable form - like Java source code or XML.

Since:
  1.4

- ## Constructor Summary

  Constructors
  Constructor
  Description
  `Encoder()`
  Constructs an `Encoder`.

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `Object`
  `get(Object oldInstance)`
  Returns a tentative value for `oldInstance` in the environment created by this stream.
  `ExceptionListener`
  `getExceptionListener()`
  Gets the exception handler for this stream.
  `PersistenceDelegate`
  `getPersistenceDelegate(Class<?> type)`
  Returns the persistence delegate for the given type.
  `Object`
  `remove(Object oldInstance)`
  Removes the entry for this instance, returning the old entry.
  `void`
  `setExceptionListener(ExceptionListener exceptionListener)`
  Sets the exception handler for this stream to `exceptionListener`.
  `void`
  `setPersistenceDelegate(Class<?> type, PersistenceDelegate delegate)`
  Associates the specified persistence delegate with the given type.
  `void`
  `writeExpression(Expression oldExp)`
  The implementation first checks to see if an expression with this value has already been written.
  `protected void`
  `writeObject(Object o)`
  Write the specified object to the output stream.
  `void`
  `writeStatement(Statement oldStm)`
  Writes statement `oldStm` to the stream.

  ### Methods declared in class Object

  `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`
  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `protected Object`
  `clone()`
  Creates and returns a copy of this object.
  `boolean`
  `equals(Object obj)`
  Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
  `protected void`
  `finalize()`
  Deprecated, for removal: This API element is subject to removal in a future version.
  Finalization is deprecated and subject to removal in a future release.
  `final Class<?>`
  `getClass()`
  Returns the runtime class of this `Object`.
  `int`
  `hashCode()`
  Returns a hash code value for this object.
  `final void`
  `notify()`
  Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.
  `final void`
  `notifyAll()`
  Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.
  `String`
  `toString()`
  Returns a string representation of the object.
  `final void`
  `wait()`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted.
  `final void`
  `wait(long timeoutMillis)`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted, or until a certain amount of real time has elapsed.
  `final void`
  `wait(long timeoutMillis, int nanos)`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted, or until a certain amount of real time has elapsed.

- ## Constructor Details

  - ### Encoder

    public Encoder()
    Constructs an `Encoder`.

- ## Method Details

  - ### writeObject

    protected void writeObject(Object o)
    Write the specified object to the output stream. The serialized form will denote a series of expressions, the combined effect of which will create an equivalent object when the input stream is read. By default, the object is assumed to be a JavaBean with a nullary constructor, whose state is defined by the matching pairs of "setter" and "getter" methods returned by the Introspector.
    Parameters:
      `o` - The object to be written to the stream.
    See Also:
      - `XMLDecoder.readObject()`

  - ### setExceptionListener

    public void setExceptionListener(ExceptionListener exceptionListener)
    Sets the exception handler for this stream to `exceptionListener`. The exception handler is notified when this stream catches recoverable exceptions.
    Parameters:
      `exceptionListener` - The exception handler for this stream; if `null` the default exception listener will be used.
    See Also:
      - `getExceptionListener()`

  - ### getExceptionListener

    public ExceptionListener getExceptionListener()
    Gets the exception handler for this stream.
    Returns:
      The exception handler for this stream; Will return the default exception listener if this has not explicitly been set.
    See Also:
      - `setExceptionListener(ExceptionListener)`

  - ### getPersistenceDelegate

    public PersistenceDelegate getPersistenceDelegate(Class<?> type)
    Returns the persistence delegate for the given type. The persistence delegate is calculated by applying the following rules in order:
    1. If a persistence delegate is associated with the given type by using the `setPersistenceDelegate(Class, PersistenceDelegate)` method it is returned.
    2. A persistence delegate is then looked up by the name composed of the fully qualified name of the given type and the "PersistenceDelegate" postfix. For example, a persistence delegate for the `Bean` class should be named `BeanPersistenceDelegate` and located in the same package.

           public class Bean { ... }
           public class BeanPersistenceDelegate { ... }

       The instance of the `BeanPersistenceDelegate` class is returned for the `Bean` class.
    3. If the type is `null`, a shared internal persistence delegate is returned that encodes `null` value.
    4. If the type is an `enum` declaration, a shared internal persistence delegate is returned that encodes constants of this enumeration by their names.
    5. If the type is a primitive type or the corresponding wrapper, a shared internal persistence delegate is returned that encodes values of the given type.
    6. If the type is an array, a shared internal persistence delegate is returned that encodes an array of the appropriate type and length, and each of its elements as if they are properties.
    7. If the type is a proxy, a shared internal persistence delegate is returned that encodes a proxy instance by using the `Proxy.newProxyInstance(ClassLoader, Class[], InvocationHandler)` method.
    8. If the `BeanInfo` for this type has a `BeanDescriptor` which defined a "persistenceDelegate" attribute, the value of this named attribute is returned.
    9. In all other cases the default persistence delegate is returned. The default persistence delegate assumes the type is a JavaBean, implying that it has a default constructor and that its state may be characterized by the matching pairs of "setter" and "getter" methods returned by the `Introspector` class. The default constructor is the constructor with the greatest number of parameters that has the `ConstructorProperties` annotation. If none of the constructors has the `ConstructorProperties` annotation, then the nullary constructor (constructor with no parameters) will be used. For example, in the following code fragment, the nullary constructor for the `Foo` class will be used, while the two-parameter constructor for the `Bar` class will be used.

           public class Foo {
               public Foo() { ... }
               public Foo(int x) { ... }
           }
           public class Bar {
               public Bar() { ... }
               @ConstructorProperties({"x"})
               public Bar(int x) { ... }
               @ConstructorProperties({"x", "y"})
               public Bar(int x, int y) { ... }
           }

    Parameters:
      `type` - the class of the objects
    Returns:
      the persistence delegate for the given type
    See Also:
      - `setPersistenceDelegate(Class, PersistenceDelegate)`
      - `Introspector.getBeanInfo(Class)`
      - `BeanInfo.getBeanDescriptor()`

  - ### setPersistenceDelegate

    public void setPersistenceDelegate(Class<?> type, PersistenceDelegate delegate)
    Associates the specified persistence delegate with the given type.
    Parameters:
      `type` - the class of objects that the specified persistence delegate applies to
      `delegate` - the persistence delegate for instances of the given type
    See Also:
      - `getPersistenceDelegate(Class)`
      - `Introspector.getBeanInfo(Class)`
      - `BeanInfo.getBeanDescriptor()`

  - ### remove

    public Object remove(Object oldInstance)
    Removes the entry for this instance, returning the old entry.
    Parameters:
      `oldInstance` - The entry that should be removed.
    Returns:
      The entry that was removed.
    See Also:
      - `get(Object)`

  - ### get

    public Object get(Object oldInstance)
    Returns a tentative value for `oldInstance` in the environment created by this stream. A persistence delegate can use its `mutatesTo` method to determine whether this value may be initialized to form the equivalent object at the output or whether a new object must be instantiated afresh. If the stream has not yet seen this value, null is returned.
    Parameters:
      `oldInstance` - The instance to be looked up.
    Returns:
      The object, null if the object has not been seen before.

  - ### writeStatement

    public void writeStatement(Statement oldStm)
    Writes statement `oldStm` to the stream. The `oldStm` should be written entirely in terms of the callers environment, i.e. the target and all arguments should be part of the object graph being written. These expressions represent a series of "what happened" expressions which tell the output stream how to produce an object graph like the original.

    The implementation of this method will produce a second expression to represent the same expression in an environment that will exist when the stream is read. This is achieved simply by calling `writeObject` on the target and all the arguments and building a new expression with the results.

    Parameters:
      `oldStm` - The expression to be written to the stream.

  - ### writeExpression

    public void writeExpression(Expression oldExp)
    The implementation first checks to see if an expression with this value has already been written. If not, the expression is cloned, using the same procedure as `writeStatement`, and the value of this expression is reconciled with the value of the cloned expression by calling `writeObject`.
    Parameters:
      `oldExp` - The expression to be written to the stream.