The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available.
See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases.
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Let's test your understanding of generics. Is the following code snippet legal?
List<String> ls = new ArrayList<String>(); // 1 List<Object> lo = ls; // 2
Line 1 is certainly legal. The trickier part of the question is line 2. This boils down to the question: is a List
of String
a List
of Object
. Most people instinctively answer, "Sure!"
Well, take a look at the next few lines:
lo.add(new Object()); // 3 String s = ls.get(0); // 4: Attempts to assign an Object to a String!
Here we've aliased ls
and lo
. Accessing ls
, a list of String
, through the alias lo
, we can insert arbitrary objects into it. As a result ls
does not hold just String
s anymore, and when we try and get something out of it, we get a rude surprise.
The Java compiler will prevent this from happening of course. Line 2 will cause a compile time error.
In general, if Foo
is a subtype (subclass or subinterface) of Bar
, and G
is some generic type declaration, it is not the case that G<Foo>
is a subtype of G<Bar>
. This is probably the hardest thing you need to learn about generics, because it goes against our deeply held intuitions.
We should not assume that collections don't change. Our instinct may lead us to think of these things as immutable.
For example, if the department of motor vehicles supplies a list of drivers to the census bureau, this seems reasonable. We think that a List<Driver>
is a List<Person>
, assuming that Driver
is a subtype of Person
. In fact, what is being passed is a copy of the registry of drivers. Otherwise, the census bureau could add new people who are not drivers into the list, corrupting the DMV's records.
To cope with this sort of situation, it's useful to consider more flexible generic types. The rules we've seen so far are quite restrictive.