The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available.
See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases.
See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.
A bean has the property of persistence when its properties, fields, and state information are saved to and retrieved from storage. Component models provide a mechanism for persistence that enables the state of components to be stored in a non-volatile place for later retrieval.
The mechanism that makes persistence possible is called serialization. Object serialization means converting an object into a data stream and writing it to storage. Any applet, application, or tool that uses that bean can then "reconstitute" it by deserialization. The object is then restored to its original state.
For example, a Java application can serialize a Frame window on a Microsoft Windows machine, the serialized file can be sent with e-mail to a Solaris machine, and then a Java application can restore the Frame window to the exact state which existed on the Microsoft Windows machine.
Any applet, application, or tool that uses that bean can then "reconstitute" it by deserialization.
All beans must persist. To persist, your beans must support serialization by implementing either the
java.io.Serializable
(in the API reference documentation) interface, or the
java.io.Externalizable
(in the API reference documentation) interface. These interfaces offer you the choices of automatic serialization and customized serialization. If any class in a class's inheritance hierarchy implements Serializable
or Externalizable
, then that class is serializable.
Any class is serializable as long as that class or a parent class implements the java.io.Serializable
interface. Examples of serializable classes include Component
, String
, Date
, Vector
, and Hashtable
. Thus, any subclass of the Component
class, including Applet
, can be serialized. Notable classes not supporting serialization include Image
, Thread
, Socket
, and InputStream
. Attempting to serialize objects of these types will result in an NotSerializableException
.
The Java Object Serialization API automatically serializes most fields of a Serializable object to the storage stream. This includes primitive types, arrays,and strings. The API does not serialize or deserialize fields that are marked transient or static.
You can control the level of serialization that your beans undergo. Three ways to control serialization are:
Serializable
interface. The Java serialization software serializes the entire object, except transient and static fields.transient
(or static
) modifier.Externalizable
interface and its two methods. Beans are written in a specific file format.The Serializable
interface provides automatic serialization by using the Java Object Serialization tools. Serializable
declares no methods; it acts as a marker, telling the Object Serialization tools that your bean class is serializable. Marking your class Serializable
means you are telling the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that you have made sure your class will work with default serialization. Here are some important points about working with the Serializable
interface:
Serializable
must have an access to a no-argument constructor of supertype. This constructor will be called when an object is "reconstituted" from a .ser
file.Serializable
in your class if it is already implemented in a superclass.transient
modifier to specify fields you do not want serialized, and to specify classes that are not serializable.To exclude fields from serialization in a Serializable
object mark the fields with the transient
modifier.
transient int status;
Default serialization will not serialize transient
and static
fields.
If your serializable class contains either of the following two methods (the signatures must be exact), then the default serialization will not take place.
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException; private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException;
You can control how more complex objects are serialized, by writing your own implementations of the writeObject
and readObject
methods. Implement writeObject
when you need to exercise greater control over what gets serialized when you need to serialize objects that default serialization cannot handle, or when you need to add data to the serialization stream that is not an object data member. Implement readObject
to reconstruct the data stream you wrote with writeObject
.
Use the Externalizable
interface when you need complete control over your bean's serialization (for example, when writing and reading a specific file format). To use the Externalizable
interface you need to implement two methods: readExternal
and writeExternal
. Classes that implement Externalizable
must have a no-argument constructor.