The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available.
See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases.
See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.
To write code that works seamlessly for any language using any script, there are a few things to keep in mind.
| Consideration | Reason |
|---|---|
Avoid methods that use the char data type. |
Avoid using the char primitive data type or methods that use the char data type, because code that uses that data type does not work for supplementary characters. For methods that take a char type parameter, use the corresponding int method, where available. For example, use the Character.isDigit(int) method rather than Character.isDigit(char) method. |
Use the isValidCodePoint method to verify code point values. |
A code point is defined as an int data type, which allows for values outside of the valid range of code point values from 0x0000 to 0x10FFFF. For performance reasons, the methods that take a code point value as a parameter do not check the validity of the parameter, but you can use the isValidCodePoint method to check the value. |
Use the codePointCount method to count characters. |
The String.length() method returns the number of code units, or 16-bit char values, in the string. If the string contains supplementary characters, the count can be misleading because it will not reflect the true number of code points. To get an accurate count of the number of characters (including supplementary characters), use the codePointCount method. |
Use the String.toUpperCase(int codePoint) and String.toLowerCase(int codePoint) methods rather than the Character.toUpperCase(int codePoint) or Character.toLowerCase(int codePoint) methods. |
While the Character.toUpperCase(int) and Character.toLowerCase(int) methods do work with code point values, there are some characters that cannot be converted on a one-to-one basis. The lowercase German character ß, for example, becomes two characters, SS, when converted to uppercase. Likewise, the small Greek Sigma character is different depending on the position in the string. The Character.toUpperCase(int) and Character.toLowerCase(int) methods cannot handle these types of cases; however, the String.toUpperCase and String.toLowerCase methods handle these cases correctly. |
| Be careful when deleting characters. | When invoking the StringBuilder.deleteCharAt(int index) or StringBuffer.deleteCharAt(int index) methods where the index points to a supplementary character, only the first half of that character (the first char value) is removed. First, invoke the Character.charCount method on the character to determine if one or two char values must be removed. |
| Be careful when reversing characters in a sequence. | When invoking the StringBuffer.reverse() or StringBuilder.reverse() methods on text that contains supplementary characters, the high and low surrogate pairs are reversed which results in incorrect and possibly invalid surrogate pairs. |