The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available.
See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases.
See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.
Nearly all programs with user interfaces manipulate text. In an international market the text your programs display must conform to the rules of languages from around the world. The Java programming language provides a number of classes that help you handle text in a locale-independent manner.
This section explains how to use the Character comparison methods to check character properties for all major languages.
In this section you'll learn how to perform locale-independent string comparisons with the Collator class.
This section shows how the BreakIterator class can detect character, word, sentence, and line boundaries.
Different computer systems around the world store text in a variety of encoding schemes. This section describes the classes that help you convert text between Unicode and other encodings.
This section explains how to use the Normalizer's API to transform text applying different normalization forms.
This section discusses how to work with bidirectional text, which is text that contains text that runs in two directions, left-to-right and right-to-left.