The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available.
See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases.
See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.
Collation rules define the sort sequence of strings. These rules vary with locale, because various natural languages sort words differently. You can use the predefined collation rules provided by the Collator
class to sort strings in a locale-independent manner.
To instantiate the Collator
class invoke the getInstance
method. Usually, you create a Collator
for the default Locale
, as in the following example:
Collator myDefaultCollator = Collator.getInstance();
You can also specify a particular Locale
when you create a Collator
, as follows:
Collator myFrenchCollator = Collator.getInstance(Locale.FRENCH);
The getInstance
method returns a RuleBasedCollator
, which is a concrete subclass of Collator
. The RuleBasedCollator
contains a set of rules that determine the sort order of strings for the locale you specify. These rules are predefined for each locale. Because the rules are encapsulated within the RuleBasedCollator
, your program won't need special routines to deal with the way collation rules vary with language.
You invoke the Collator.compare
method to perform a locale-independent string comparison. The compare
method returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero when the first string argument is less than, equal to, or greater than the second string argument. The following table contains some sample calls to Collator.compare
:
Example | Return Value | Explanation |
---|---|---|
myCollator.compare("abc", "def") |
-1 |
"abc" is less than "def" |
myCollator.compare("rtf", "rtf") |
0 |
the two strings are equal |
myCollator.compare("xyz", "abc") |
1 |
"xyz" is greater than "abc" |
You use the compare
method when performing sort operations. The sample program called
CollatorDemo
uses the compare
method to sort an array of English and French words. This program shows what can happen when you sort the same list of words with two different collators:
Collator fr_FRCollator = Collator.getInstance(new Locale("fr","FR")); Collator en_USCollator = Collator.getInstance(new Locale("en","US"));
The method for sorting, called sortStrings
, can be used with any Collator
. Notice that the sortStrings
method invokes the compare
method:
public static void sortStrings(Collator collator, String[] words) { String tmp; for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++) { for (int j = i + 1; j < words.length; j++) { if (collator.compare(words[i], words[j]) > 0) { tmp = words[i]; words[i] = words[j]; words[j] = tmp; } } } }
The English Collator
sorts the words as follows:
peach péché pêche sin
According to the collation rules of the French language, the preceding list is in the wrong order. In French péché should follow pêche in a sorted list. The French Collator
sorts the array of words correctly, as follows:
peach pêche péché sin